Learn one Chinese Character a day - 典

Today we move back to the series of 册 and our character is 典.

Looking at 典, we are very certain that its upper part is 册 (recall what we just learnt - 扁 and 匾). And what about its lower part - ? does it look like a small table?

So Chinese ancestors created this character 典 to represent the idea of “books put on top of a table”? What kind of useful meaning can be derived from?

Before we jump into conclusion, let us examine its evolution history first and see if we can get some hints from them: (image taken from http://vividict.com)

Evolution history of 典

Its Oracle Script  is composed of (册) and  (which we should know now: two hands), It represents the scenario of "holding up a book carefully with two hands", as show below:

典

What does that mean then? Some good and valuable books we handle very carefully and respectfully: the classics!

From its other Oracle Script -, we can actually double confirm our reasoning. Looking at , it has an extra , comparing to , at the bottom. We just learnt that  is actually the Oracle Script of 上. Adding  to  emphasizes the meaning of top classics.

It is believed that Bronze Script  was simplified from by removing that two hands - . Surprisingly enough that represented the meaning much clearer: top books. 

When it came to Seal Script, its lower part is commonly believed to be simplified from two hands . However if we perceived it as "books on a consecrated table", it did represent the same idea of top classics.

Now we know that the original meaning of 典 is top classics. for example: 经典

Since we can always refer to classics for research and guidance, 典 is slowly extended to mean good example, standard, regulations and laws. For example: 字典

And developed from the meaning of referring to classics, 典 started to have a special usage, as the reference or contract of <something>. for example: 典当.

That is all for 典, now it is time for us to enjoy a Chinese calligraphy with 典 inside:

千经万典，孝悌为先。

Learn one Chinese Character a day - 上

Today we move to a very commonly used character 上. Looking at its modern form 上, it is quite hard to guess its meaning. As usual  ancient scripts of 上 might be of great help for us to understand its meaning.

Below is its evolution history: (image taken from http://vividict.com)

evolution history of 上

Looking at its Oracle Script , it is surprisingly similar to that of two (二). As we have learnt before that 二 with its two dashes to represent heaven / sky and earth respectively.

Get back to Oracle Script, it is reasonable to assume that two dashes of  Script do have the same representation. The difference here is that 二 has its two dashes almost the same length, while Oracle Script has its upper dash obviously shorter that the lower one.

While we look into the distance, objects next to us look bigger than those far away from us.

look into the distance

Based on such fact, Chinese ancestors created with the meaning of "looking above / upward to sky from ground" by drawing the sky shorter. Then they used it to mean upward or above.

As Oracle Script  still looks too similar to 二 (which is two), Chinese ancestors amend it by adding a vertical line to emphasize the meaning of upward. That is how we got Bronze Script. is very close to what we write now: 上.

In some form of Seal Script, it was also written as, removing the upper small dash, to simply mean "up from the ground".

Another version of Seal Script  finally won and finalized the form of 上.

So 上 means upward or above or up. For example 向上.
And it also means on, on top of, upon and etc. For example 上面.

From the meaning of above or upward, 上 has the extended meaning of Superior. For example 上司

While we are writing, what has been written previously was on upper part of the page, thus 上 is extended to mean preceding, and eventually to mean previous, last as well. for example 上次.

When 上 is used as verb, then it has the meaning of "go up", for example 上楼. Since we always go up to reach somewhere, 上 is extended to mean "go to <some place>", for example 上街.

上, as a very frequently used Chinese character, has still many other subtle meanings besides what we listed above, however they are a good starting point for us to know what 上 means.

Now let us enjoy a Chinese calligraphy with 上 inside:

上善若水